Kala-Aar or Visceral Leishmaniasis is a chronic and potentially fatal parasitic diseases of the viscera that is the internal organs, particularly the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes, due to the infection by the parasitic protozoa .....

Hepatitis is the term used to descibe inflammation of the liver. It is usually the result of viral infection or liver damage casued by drinking alcohol. Viral hepatitis is classified as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and G. A different type of virus is .....

Given that cigarette smoking is such a major threat to global health, controlling the worldwide epidemic of cigarette smoking would lead to enormous public health benefits. Some of the strategies to control smoking include: 1. Smoking cessation .....

The reasons of drug abuse may be followings: 1. Legality: Nicotine and alcohol are legal and, therefore, many people do not understand how addictive they can be. 2. Prescribed medication: Some people think that beacuse their doctor gives them .....

Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis .....

Narcotics are a group of drugs that in moderate doses dull the senses, relieve pain, and induce sleep but in excessive doses cause stupor, coma or convulsions. Examples are Opium, Heroin, Codein and .....

Passive smoking is the inhalation of smoke, called second hand smoke (SHS), or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by persons other than the intended "active" smoker. It occurs when tobacco smoke permeates any environment causing its .....

Drug abuse is defined as the use of drug without medical justification. Drug abuse is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or .....

The "Window Period" is the time between potential expousre to HIV infection and the point when the test will give an accurate. During the window period a person can be infected with HIV and be very infectious but still test HIV .....

The causes of spread of hepatitis are more than what they are for HIV/AIDS. Hepatitis spreads rather more easily. This is why hepatitis is more dangerous than AIDS. Hepatitis kill the infected person earlier than the AIDS .....

Overpopulation is the condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deftorioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash. The disadvantages of overpopulation is that population growth puts tremendous pressure on .....

In 1993, WHO decleared Tubercluosis (TB) as global emergency becasue TB is the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent and three millions people die from it each year, although drugs which cure it are readily available and .....

The growth of population is measured as increase in its size over a period of time and population growth show characteristics pattern of growth with time. These patterns are known as poplulation growth forms. There are two population growth .....

The rapid growth of the world's population over the post one hundred years result from the difference between the rate of birth and rate of death. This is due to decline in death rate and rise in birth rate. The causes of population growth can .....

Malthus theory of human population: Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), an English cleric and scholar, was the key figure to analyse the population statistics. His formulation on population was a landmark in the history of population theories. He .....

Drugs are natural or synthetic substances which when taken into the living body affects its functioning or structure, and are used in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatement or preventing of a disease or relief of discomfort. The study of drugs is .....

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can cause serious complications and can be fatal. The bacteria are present in many southeast Asian countries as well as .....

Tuberculosis is a highly infections disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It affects the lungs, but can affect other parts of the body, including abdomen, bones and nervous system. The symptoms of TB vary depending on .....

Malnutrition is a serious condition that occurs when a person's diet does not contain the right amount of nutrients. It refers to - Under nutrition: not getting enough nutrients - Over nutrition: getting more nutrients that you need Malnutrition .....

Addiction is defined as the state of being enslaved to a habit or pratice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit - forming. Examples are drug addiction, alcohol addiction, shopping addiction, sex addiction, gambling etc. Drugs .....

Some of the control measures or strategies that could put human population on and environmentally sustainable path are outlined as folllows: 1. Provide universal access to safe and effective contraceptive options for both sexes: With nearly two in .....

Cancer causing agents are carcinogens. Two example of carcinogens are as follows: i. Radioactive substances are gamma rays and alpha particles, which cause skin cancer. ii. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like benzo (a) Pyrene and Benzo (b) .....

The disease caused due to deficiency of vitamin is called Scurvy. It can lead to anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding, pain in the limbs, and especially the legs, swelling in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gum .....

The full form of the following: LSD = Lyserdic Acid Diethylamide (a psychedelic drug) COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Lung .....

Overpopulation can have a number of negative effects; some of which are discussed below: 1. Depletion of natural resources: As human population keeps on enlarging, exhasutible natural resources such as arable land, fresh water, coral reef, fossil .....

The full form of ELISA is Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. It is a test that detects and measures antibodies or infectious agents in a blood sample of the .....

A population growth curve is a graphical representation of how a particular population increases over time. Growth curves are used in statistics to detrmine the type of growth pattern of the population - be it linear, exponential or cubic. Two types .....

Demography is the study of statistics such as birth, deaths, income or the incidence of diseases, which illustrates the changing structure of human population. In other words, Demography is the scientfic study of .....

The full form of IUD is Intra Uterine Device. It is small T-shaped birth control device that is inserted in to a woman's uterus to prevent .....

They are chemical substances, when taken into the body, change brain function and result in alternation in perception, mood, or consciousness. e.g. opium, naroctis, stimulants .....

Family planning is the practice of controlling the number of children in a family and their intervals between their births. Family planning involve consideration of the number of children a women wishes to have, including the choice to have no .....

Natality rate called birth rate, are the annual number of birth during a year per 1,000 persons in the population at mid .....

Population is defined ast the number of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capacity of .....

After fertilization of egg of frog, a zygote is formed. The zygote nucleus and zygote now divides which is called cleavage or segmentation. The division is mitosis and end up in the formation of three germ layers of gastrula. The list of process of .....

Cleavage is the process of cell division in the early embryo. The frog zygote undergoes rapid miotic cell divisions just after two or three hours of fertilization. The clevage is holablastic that is division furrows divides cell completely but the .....

The notohord is flexible rod made out of a material similar to cartilage. After formation of three germinal layers some mesodermal cells at the roof of a archenteron seperate from other mesodermal cells. They form a rod-like structure, which is the .....

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the semiferous tubules of the testis. It is the male version of gametogenesis. It produces mature male gametes, commonly called sperm but more specifically known .....

The female frog releases many egg cells in water. The eggs are laid in secondary oocyte form and contains first polar body in the animal pole. Usually only one sperm penetrate each ovum that is monospermy. Penetration is always taking place in the .....

A germinal layer is a group of cells in an embryo that interact with eachother as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all tissues and organs. Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote. During the next stage, cleavage, the .....

A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that is completely lined by tissue created from the mesoderm. The steps involved in the formation of coelom in the embryo of frog can be illustrated through the following points. 1. After the formation of three .....

During the embryonic development of the chordates gastrulation results in the formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues, organs and organ-systems by a process called .....

Neurulation is the formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm of the embryo. Neurulation, in frog, takes place after gastrulation that is formation of three germinal layers ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Following steps are observed during .....

Animal pole Vegetal pole Upper dark brown pole of the embryo. Lower yolky pole of the .....

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis The process of formation of haploid spermatoza from diploid spermatogonia inside the testes of male. The process of formation of functional haploid ova from the diploid geneminal cells in the ovary .....

Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ tissue layers of the embryo, which are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, develop into the internal organs of the organism. E.g. the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which eventually develops .....

The transformation of spermatids into highly motile mature spermatozoa is called .....

Yolk plug is the remaining patch of endodermal cells that is created during the formation of the dorsal lip of .....

Clevage is the repeated miotic division of zygote to form a solid ball of cells called morula which later changes into a hollow ball of cells called .....

Gastrulation is a phase in the embroynic developement of most animals during which the single-layered blastula is recognized into a three-layered structure called .....

Holoblastic cleavage is a stage of embryonic development where the whole egg is completely divided into distinct and seperate .....