Grafting is the technique of transplanting a part of one plant to other plant of closely related variety of .....

Following is the advantages of cross pollination: 1. It helps in mixing of traits, that is it helps in bringing about variations. 2. Variations help in better sustainability and viability of the species. 3. Undesirable characters of the plant can be .....

Pollination which takes place with the help of bat like plant Anthocephalous kadamba is known as .....

Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte give rise to sperm cells, which are used into fertilization of an egg cell to form a .....

Scion: It is the part of plant which is grafted on the stock. Stock: It is the plnat selected for root system during .....

The process which helps in the formation of megaspore with in the sporangium or embryo sac called .....

The process of fertilisation observed in angisperm is called as double fertilization. It is the combination of syngamy and triple fusion. Events during fertilization are eluciated. As the pollen grains falls on the stigma of the flower, it .....

It is a type of pollination pollen grains are transferred to stigma of same flower. It can occurs by three methods that is Cleistogamy, Homogamy, and .....

Pollen tube is a tube like structures which is formed during fertilization and contain tube nucleus and male .....

Propagation which takes place by any vegetative parts of plants like root, stem and leave is called vegetative .....

The zygote or oospore elongates and then divides transversely to form basal and terminal cells. The basal cell (towards micropylar end) produces a large swollen, vesicular supensor cell. It may function as haustorium. The terminal cell divides by .....

Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Especially well known in peanuts, peas, and pansy this behaviour is most widespread in the grass .....

Genetic Materials The material used to store genetic information in the nuclei or mitochondria of an organism's cells either in the form of DNA and RNA is called genetic material. Structure and function of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) DNA .....

Criss-cross inheritance is the transmission of a gene from mother to son or father to daughter. Those patterns of inheritance are called crisscross inheritance or skip generation inheritance, in which a character is inherited to the second .....

The main characteristics of genetic code are: 1. Genetic code is triplet code 2. Genetic code is comma less 3. Genetic code is non-overlapping 4. Genetic code is Degenerate 5. Genetic code is non-ambiguous 6. Genetic code is .....

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a chemical compound which is responsible to transmit the genetic characters from one generation to another generation. DNA is act as genetic material material in all kinds of living beings including some viruses. It is .....

Homozygous Heterozygous It is pure for a trait and breed true i.e give rise to similar homozygous individuals. Heterozygous  individual is seldom pure and produces offspring with different genotypes on selfing e.g. TT, .....

A form of dominance in which the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed.The resulting offspring is neither dominant nor recessive. The best example of co-dominance can be seen in blood group of AB. Example: There are four .....

Crossing over is the exchange of homologous segments between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. Due to the process of crossing over new genetic combination take place among the species. It takes place during pachytene sub stage of .....

The genetic make up of organism is called genotype. e.g. The genotype of pure tall plant is T1 and hybrid tall plant is .....

Total variety of gene existing in a sexually reproducing organism is called gene .....

Out of two alleles of hybrid one allele expresses its effect is called dominance. e.g. It is tall and tall is dominance .....

It is a process of formation of protein from RNA. It is also a process of translating the langugage of nucleotide sequence of mRNA into the amino acids sequences. It occurs by the formation of peptide bonds between amnio acids where order is .....

Purine bases are a dicylic compund present in the form of Adenine and Gunine both in DNA and .....

The process of transmission of characters from parents to offspring in successive generation is called .....

Master strand means strand which helps to produce single strand of mRNA during the time of protein .....

RNA is typically stranded and is made of ribonucleotides that are linked by phosphodiester bonds. A ribonucleotide in the RNA chain contains ribose sugar, one of the four nitrogenous bases (A, U, G and C) and a phospate group. The structure of RNA .....

The main significances of linkage are: i. Linkage plays an important role in determining the nature of scope of hybridization and selection programmes. ii. Linkage reduces the chance of recombination of genes and thus helps to hold parental .....

Phenomenon in which single character control more than two alternative forms of gene present on the same locus. The best example is blood group of human .....

The character which fails to express istself in the presence of dominant gene is called recessiveness. e.g. in hybrid tall tea plant (Tt) T is dominat while t is .....

A material which helps to transmission o characters from parents to their offspring's is called genetic material e.g. DNA and RNA act as genetic material in entire living being on earth .....

Most of the water absorbed is lost through the aerial parts of the plants into air by the process called transpiration. Very little water (less than 2%) is used up in various metabolic activities of plants. Most of the transpiration takes place .....

Respiration is the physiological process in which complete and incomplete oxidation of the organic food takes place. In respiration the oxidation of various organic food substances like carbohydrates may take place. The process of respiration occurs .....

Physiological effects of gibberllins are: i. Elongation of intact stems ii. Help to formation of dwarf shoofs iii. It overcomes the natural dormancy of buds iv. It helps in seeds germination v. Helps in fruit development vi. They promote flowering .....

Auxins Cytokinins It is produced in the shoot apex and leaf primodio. It is found in endosperm and embryo of seeds in fruits and roots. It promotes the growth of apical bud. It promotes the growth of lateral .....

Auxins Gibberlins They are mostly found in higher plants. They are mostly found in fungi and few higher plants. It promotes growth in shoot segments. It promotes growth in intact shoot. There is little .....

The main external factors affecting rate of photosynthesis is light, temperature, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and mineral elements. i. Carbon Dioxide: The atmosphere is the chief source of carbon dioxide. It contains only 0.03% of the gas by .....

The characters of C3 plants are: i. Only one type of chloroplast is found. ii. It is photosynthetically less efficient. iii. It is characterized by the absence of bundle shealth cells. iv. The plnats donot show Kranz anatomy. v. Calvin cycle enzymes .....

Light reactions receive sunlight. In the light dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy, in the form of the electron carrier molecule NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) .....

It is also called EMP pathway becasue its details were given by Embden, Meyerhof and Paranas. It is a stepped process by which one molecule of glucose breaks in two molecules of pyruvic acid. It occurs in cytoplasm it is common to both aerobic and .....

A hydathode is a type of pore, commonly found in angiosperms, that secretes water through pores in the epidermis of leaf margin, typically at the tip of a marginal tooth or serration. Hydathodes occur in the leaves of submerged aquatic plants such .....

The external factors of transpiration are: i. Atmospheric humidity ii. Wind iii. Atmospheric pressure iv. Soil temperature v. Soil water vi. Temperature of air vii. Concentration of CO2 viii. Intensity of .....

It is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen. It is a relatively fast reaction process 2 ATP which is far fewer than aerobic respiration. It happens in the cytoplasm where glycolysis release energy from glucose and fermentation .....

Most of the water absorbed is lost through the aerial parts of the plants into air by the process called transpiration. Very little water (less than 2%) is used up in various metabolic activites of plants. Most of the transpiration takes place .....

A stoma is a minute pore on the epidermis of aerial parts of plants through which exchange of gases and transpiration take place. Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of kidney shaped guard cell (in dicot) and dumbbell shaped guard cell (in monocot). .....

The process of the loss of water in the form of vapours through the stomata present on the epidermal surface of the leaf, green stem, etc. is called stomatal transpiration. It is most common types of transpiration. It is about 50-97% of total .....

A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound. Examples include the addition of phosphate to glucose to produce glucose monophosphate and the addition of phosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form .....

Imbibition is a special type of diffusion when water is absorbed by solid-colloids causing an enormous increase in volume. Examples include the absorption of water by seeds and dry .....

Movement of molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration until their equilibrium state is called diffusion. e.g. Aroma of flower, spreading of scent in room .....

Loss of water from a turgid cell when it kept in hypertonic solution is called .....